Red Dye No. 3 (FD&C Red #3, or erythrosine) has been used in the U.S. since 1907 to color candies, cakes, and medications. Concerns arose in the 1980s when animal studies linked it to cancer in lab rats, leading to bans or restrictions in the EU, Australia, and Japan. While banned in U.S. cosmetics since 1990, it remains in food and medications.
Food dye allergies affect less than 1% of adults and 1-2% of children. While true allergies to Red Dye 3 are rare, some individuals may experience sensitivities, leading to mild reactions like skin rashes, hives, or stomach discomfort. Some studies also suggest a link between artificial dyes and behavioral issues in children, though more research is needed.
Why was red dye 3 banned?
In 2022, the FDA received a petition to review the use of Red Dye 3. Since then, it has examined past and current studies on its consumption in humans and animals. Research showed that male lab rats and mice fed high amounts of the dye had an increased risk of thyroid cancer, though the same results were not observed in other animal species. While no conclusive evidence links it to harm in humans, the Delaney Clause prohibits the FDA from approving any food additive found to cause cancer in humans or animals, raising concerns about its continued use. Food manufacturers have until January 15, 2027, to remove Red Dye 3 from their products, while drug manufacturers have until January 18, 2028, to reformulate their medications. However, products made before these deadlines may still contain the dye and remain on the market until they sell out.
What are some products that contain red dye 3?
The USDA lists over 9,000 foods and 1,100+ medications containing Red Dye 3. Below are some examples, but ingredients may vary by brand. Always check labels or contact a VeganMed pharmacist for verification.
Food Product Examples | Medication Examples (varies by manufacturer) |
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What is the difference between Red Dye 3 vs Red Dye 40?
Red Dye 40 (also known as Allura Red AC, FD&C Red 40, or E129) is a synthetic food color additive distinct from Red Dye 3. Both are commonly used in processed foods and drinks—Red Dye 40, for example, is found in Swedish Fish and extra-strength Tylenol Geltabs. Unlike Red Dye 3, Red Dye 40 has no known link to cancer and is considered safe for most people by the FDA. However, some individuals may experience allergic reactions and should avoid it.
Conclusion
Red Dye 3 has long been used in processed foods and some pharmaceuticals, but its use is coming to an end with the FDA’s recent decision to ban it. The primary health concern, thyroid cancer, has only been observed in male rats, but FDA regulations require caution when a food additive is linked to cancer in animals or humans.
While generally considered safe, some individuals may choose to avoid Red Dye 3 due to mild health concerns. Its presence in food and pharmaceuticals will be phased out over the next three years, but in the meantime, reading ingredient labels remains important. Until transparency improves in the pharmaceutical industry, VeganMed is here to help patients find suitable alternatives.
Co-authored by: Steven Mather
Disclaimer: The product and/or information provided on VeganMed is of a general nature and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. We do not lab test the products to confirm that they are free from animal ingredients, and it is possible that the formulation and ingredients could have changed. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or product. The information provided in this post is accurate and up to date as of the date it was written. However, please note that circumstances and facts may change over time, and new information may become available that could alter the accuracy or relevance of the content. We encourage readers to verify and cross-reference any information provided here with trusted sources or consult relevant professionals for the most current and accurate updates.
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